Political Alliances

Pakatan Harapan

PH

Founded: 2015-09-22

Pakatan Harapan (PH; stylised as HARAPAN; English: Alliance of Hope) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has led a grand coalition government since November 2022, having previously led a single-coalition government from May 2018 to February 2020. It is currently the largest coalition in the Dewan Rakyat with 81 seats and is part of the state governments of seven of 13 states in the country, comprising Penang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, Malacca and Sabah. It also provides confidence and supply in Johor for its state government led by Barisan Nasional (BN). The coalition deposed the Barisan Nasional coalition government during the 2018 Malaysian general election, ending its 60-year-long reign (counted together with its predecessor, Alliance) since independence. Pakatan Harapan fell from power as a result of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis, when its chairman and then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigned from office, and his Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) left the coalition along with 11 members of parliament from PKR. After the 2022 Malaysian general election resulted in a hung parliament, Pakatan Harapan entered into coalition with Barisan Nasional (BN), Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS), Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS), WARISAN, Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM), Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA), Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM), and independents to form what is commonly referred to as a national unity government, with PH chairman Anwar Ibrahim as prime minister.

Barisan Nasional

BN

Founded: 1974-06-01

Barisan Nasional (BN), also known as the National Front, is a major political coalition in Malaysia. Founded in 1974 as a successor to the Alliance Party, it comprises centre-right and right-wing political parties. Historically, BN dominated Malaysian politics for over four decades, holding power for nearly 61 years in total with its predecessor, from 1957 to 2018. After losing the 2018 general election and becoming the opposition, BN returned to government as part of a Perikatan Nasional-led coalition in 2020. Following its worst result in the 2022 election, where it became the third-largest coalition, it currently remains in government as a component of the unity government led by Pakatan Harapan. Its current members include the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), and Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS).

Perikatan Nasional

PN

Founded: 2020-02-23

Perikatan Nasional (PN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of right-wing and far-right political parties. It was formed during the 2020 Malaysian political crisis to replace the Pakatan Harapan government. PN led the federal government from March 2020 to November 2022. Following the 2022 general election, it became the main opposition coalition in the Dewan Rakyat.

Gerakan Tanah Air

GTA

Founded: 2022-08-04

Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA) is an alliance of Malay political parties in Malaysia, founded in August 2022 by former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. The coalition was formed to contest the 2022 Malaysian general election, with a stated goal of correcting the economic situation of the Malay community and reducing the current gap between races. It failed to win any parliamentary seats in the election. Parti Pejuang Tanah Air left the coalition in January 2023, and founder Mahathir Mohamad departed in May 2023, stating the alliance could no longer function properly and failed to attract voters' support.

Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) is a Malaysian political coalition of Sabah-based parties. It was informally established on September 12, 2020, to contest the 2020 Sabah state election and was officially registered on March 11, 2022. Inspired by the Sarawak-based Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS), the coalition is popular among Sabahans with regionalist political views.

Gabungan Parti Sarawak

GPS

Founded: 2018-06-12

The Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) is a Sarawak-based national political alliance in Malaysia. It was established on 12 June 2018 by four former Barisan Nasional (BN) component parties operating solely in Sarawak, following the federal coalition's defeat in the 2018 Malaysian general election. The alliance focuses on the state's interests and rights based on the Malaysia Agreement. It is currently the fourth largest political coalition with 23 seats in the Dewan Rakyat, and forms the government in the state of Sarawak. GPS inherited BN's former place and dominance in Sarawak politics and launched its party policy on 19 January 2019.